# Python Knowledge Graph - Complete Dependency Map

## 🌳 Knowledge Tree Structure

This document maps all Python concepts with their dependencies, prerequisites, and learning order.

---

## Level 1: Foundation Nodes (No Prerequisites)

### 1.1 Basic Syntax & Environment
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Python Installation         │
│ - CPython, PyPy, Anaconda  │
│ - PATH configuration       │
│ - pip & package management │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> IDE Setup (VSCode, PyCharm, Jupyter)
        ├─> REPL Usage
        └─> Virtual Environments (venv)
```

### 1.2 Variables & Data Types
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Primitive Types             │
│ - int, float, complex       │
│ - str, bytes                │
│ - bool, None                │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Type Conversion
        ├─> Variable Assignment
        ├─> Naming Conventions (PEP 8)
        └─> Memory Model (Basics)
```

### 1.3 Operators
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Arithmetic Operators        │
│ Comparison Operators        │
│ Logical Operators           │
│ Assignment Operators        │
│ Identity & Membership       │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Operator Precedence
        ├─> Short-circuit Evaluation
        └─> Walrus Operator (:=)
```

### 1.4 Control Flow
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Conditional Statements      │
│ - if/elif/else             │
│ - Ternary Operator         │
│ - Match/Case (3.10+)       │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Boolean Logic
        ├─> Truthiness
        └─> None Checks
```

---

## Level 2: Core Data Structures (Requires Level 1)

### 2.1 Sequences
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Lists                       │
│ - Mutable sequences         │
│ - Methods & operations      │
│ - Slicing                   │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> List Comprehensions
        ├─> Nested Lists
        ├─> List Performance (O(n))
        └─> Copy vs Deep Copy
        
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Tuples                      │
│ - Immutable sequences       │
│ - Packing & unpacking       │
│ - Named tuples              │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Multiple Return Values
        ├─> Tuple Comprehensions (Generator)
        └─> Hash-ability

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Strings                     │
│ - Immutable sequences       │
│ - String methods            │
│ - Formatting (f-strings)    │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> String Encoding (UTF-8, ASCII)
        ├─> Raw Strings (r"")
        ├─> Multiline Strings
        └─> String Interpolation
```

### 2.2 Collections
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Sets                        │
│ - Unordered, unique         │
│ - Set operations            │
│ - Frozen sets               │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Set Comprehensions
        ├─> Union, Intersection, Difference
        └─> Hash-based lookups O(1)

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Dictionaries                │
│ - Key-value pairs           │
│ - Hash tables               │
│ - Dict methods              │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Dict Comprehensions
        ├─> Default Values (get, setdefault)
        ├─> OrderedDict, defaultdict, Counter
        └─> ChainMap
```

### 2.3 Loops & Iteration
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ for Loop                    │
│ - Iterating sequences       │
│ - range() function          │
│ - enumerate()               │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> zip() for parallel iteration
        ├─> Loop else clause
        └─> Break, Continue, Pass

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ while Loop                  │
│ - Condition-based loops     │
│ - Infinite loops            │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        └─> While-else clause
```

---

## Level 3: Functions & Modularity (Requires Level 1-2)

### 3.1 Function Basics
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Function Definition         │
│ - def keyword               │
│ - Parameters & Arguments    │
│ - Return values             │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Default Arguments
        ├─> Keyword Arguments
        ├─> *args (Variable Positional)
        ├─> **kwargs (Variable Keyword)
        ├─> Positional-only (/)
        └─> Keyword-only (*)
```

### 3.2 Function Scope
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Scope & Namespaces          │
│ - Local, Enclosing, Global │
│ - LEGB Rule                 │
│ - global & nonlocal         │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Namespace Lifecycle
        ├─> Variable Shadowing
        └─> globals(), locals()
```

### 3.3 Advanced Functions
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ First-Class Functions       │
│ - Functions as objects      │
│ - Passing functions         │
│ - Returning functions       │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Lambda Functions
        ├─> Closures
        ├─> Higher-Order Functions
        └─> Nested Functions

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Built-in Functions          │
│ - map, filter, reduce       │
│ - sorted, reversed          │
│ - any, all                  │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        └─> Functional Programming Patterns
```

---

## Level 4: Object-Oriented Programming (Requires Level 1-3)

### 4.1 Classes & Objects
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Class Definition            │
│ - class keyword             │
│ - Attributes & Methods      │
│ - __init__() constructor    │
│ - self parameter            │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Instance vs Class Attributes
        ├─> Instance vs Class Methods
        ├─> Static Methods
        └─> __str__ and __repr__
```

### 4.2 Inheritance
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Single Inheritance          │
│ - Parent/Child classes      │
│ - Method Overriding         │
│ - super() function          │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Multiple Inheritance
        ├─> Method Resolution Order (MRO)
        ├─> Diamond Problem
        ├─> Mixins Pattern
        └─> Abstract Base Classes (ABC)
```

### 4.3 Encapsulation & Polymorphism
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Encapsulation               │
│ - Public attributes         │
│ - Protected (_)             │
│ - Private (__)              │
│ - Name Mangling             │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        └─> Property Decorators (@property)

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Polymorphism                │
│ - Duck Typing               │
│ - Operator Overloading      │
│ - Magic Methods             │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> __eq__, __lt__, __gt__
        ├─> __add__, __sub__, __mul__
        ├─> __len__, __getitem__
        └─> __call__
```

---

## Level 5: Modules & Packages (Requires Level 3-4)

### 5.1 Module System
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Importing Modules           │
│ - import statement          │
│ - from...import             │
│ - import...as               │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Module Search Path
        ├─> __name__ == "__main__"
        ├─> Relative vs Absolute Imports
        └─> __init__.py

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Standard Library            │
│ - os, sys, pathlib          │
│ - datetime, time            │
│ - math, random              │
│ - json, csv                 │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> collections Module
        ├─> itertools Module
        ├─> functools Module
        └─> operator Module
```

---

## Level 6: File & Exception Handling (Requires Level 1-5)

### 6.1 File Operations
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ File I/O                    │
│ - open() function           │
│ - Read modes (r, w, a)      │
│ - Text vs Binary            │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Context Managers (with)
        ├─> File Methods (read, write, seek)
        ├─> pathlib.Path
        └─> Working with CSV, JSON, XML
```

### 6.2 Exception Handling
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Exception Basics            │
│ - try/except                │
│ - Multiple except blocks    │
│ - else & finally            │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Exception Hierarchy
        ├─> Raising Exceptions (raise)
        ├─> Custom Exceptions
        ├─> Exception Chaining
        └─> Context with Exceptions
```

---

## Level 7: Advanced Concepts (Requires Level 1-6)

### 7.1 Iterators & Generators
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Iterator Protocol           │
│ - __iter__()                │
│ - __next__()                │
│ - StopIteration             │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> iter() and next()
        ├─> Custom Iterators
        └─> Iterator vs Iterable

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Generators                  │
│ - yield keyword             │
│ - Generator Functions       │
│ - Generator Expressions     │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> yield from
        ├─> Generator Methods (send, throw, close)
        ├─> Coroutines (async/await)
        └─> Memory Efficiency
```

### 7.2 Decorators
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Function Decorators         │
│ - Wrapper functions         │
│ - @decorator syntax         │
│ - functools.wraps           │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Decorators with Arguments
        ├─> Chaining Decorators
        ├─> Class Decorators
        ├─> Built-in Decorators (@property, @staticmethod)
        └─> lru_cache, singledispatch
```

### 7.3 Context Managers
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Context Manager Protocol    │
│ - __enter__()               │
│ - __exit__()                │
│ - Exception handling        │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> contextlib Module
        ├─> @contextmanager Decorator
        ├─> Nested Context Managers
        └─> Resource Management Patterns
```

---

## Level 8: Type System (Requires Level 1-7)

### 8.1 Type Hints
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Type Annotations            │
│ - Variable annotations      │
│ - Function annotations      │
│ - Return type hints         │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> typing Module
        ├─> List, Dict, Tuple, Set
        ├─> Optional, Union, Any
        ├─> Generic Types (TypeVar)
        ├─> Protocol & Structural Subtyping
        └─> TypedDict, NamedTuple

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Static Type Checking        │
│ - mypy                      │
│ - Type checking strategies  │
│ - Gradual typing            │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        └─> Type Narrowing, Type Guards
```

---

## Level 9: Metaclasses & Descriptors (Requires Level 4, 7)

### 9.1 Metaclasses
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Metaclass Basics            │
│ - type() as metaclass       │
│ - Class creation process    │
│ - __new__ vs __init__       │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Custom Metaclasses
        ├─> __prepare__
        ├─> Metaclass Use Cases
        └─> Class Decorators vs Metaclasses
```

### 9.2 Descriptors
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Descriptor Protocol         │
│ - __get__()                 │
│ - __set__()                 │
│ - __delete__()              │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Data vs Non-Data Descriptors
        ├─> Property Implementation
        ├─> Managed Attributes
        └─> Descriptor Use Cases (Validation, Lazy Loading)
```

---

## Level 10: Concurrency (Requires Level 1-8)

### 10.1 Threading
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ threading Module            │
│ - Thread class              │
│ - Thread lifecycle          │
│ - Daemon threads            │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Locks (Lock, RLock)
        ├─> Semaphores, Events, Conditions
        ├─> Thread-Safe Queue
        ├─> ThreadPoolExecutor
        └─> GIL (Global Interpreter Lock)
```

### 10.2 Multiprocessing
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ multiprocessing Module      │
│ - Process class             │
│ - Process lifecycle         │
│ - Shared memory             │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Pipes & Queues
        ├─> Locks & Semaphores
        ├─> Manager objects
        ├─> ProcessPoolExecutor
        └─> Process vs Thread (When to use)
```

### 10.3 Async Programming
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ asyncio Basics              │
│ - Event loop                │
│ - Coroutines                │
│ - async/await               │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Tasks & Futures
        ├─> asyncio.gather, wait
        ├─> Async Context Managers
        ├─> Async Iterators
        ├─> Async Generators
        └─> aiohttp, aiofiles
```

---

## Level 11: Memory & Performance (Requires Level 1-10)

### 11.1 Memory Management
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Python Memory Model         │
│ - Object references         │
│ - Reference counting        │
│ - Garbage collection        │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> gc Module
        ├─> __slots__ Optimization
        ├─> Weak References
        ├─> Memory Profiling
        └─> Memory Leaks Detection
```

### 11.2 Performance Optimization
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Profiling                   │
│ - cProfile                  │
│ - line_profiler             │
│ - memory_profiler           │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Benchmarking (timeit)
        ├─> Performance Best Practices
        ├─> Algorithm Optimization
        └─> Data Structure Selection

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Just-In-Time Compilation    │
│ - PyPy                      │
│ - Numba                     │
│ - Cython                    │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        └─> When to use JIT
```

---

## Level 12: Testing & Quality (Requires Level 1-11)

### 12.1 Testing Frameworks
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ unittest Framework          │
│ - TestCase class            │
│ - Assertions                │
│ - Test fixtures             │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> setUp & tearDown
        ├─> Test discovery
        └─> Test suites

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ pytest Framework            │
│ - Test functions            │
│ - Fixtures                  │
│ - Parametrization           │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Mocking (unittest.mock)
        ├─> Patching
        ├─> Test Coverage (coverage.py)
        └─> Property-Based Testing (Hypothesis)
```

### 12.2 Code Quality
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Code Style & Linting        │
│ - PEP 8                     │
│ - pylint, flake8            │
│ - black formatter           │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Type Checking (mypy)
        ├─> Documentation (docstrings, Sphinx)
        └─> Code Reviews
```

---

## Level 13: Advanced Topics (Requires Level 1-12)

### 13.1 Design Patterns
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Creational Patterns         │
│ - Singleton, Factory        │
│ - Builder, Prototype        │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Structural Patterns (Adapter, Decorator, Facade)
        ├─> Behavioral Patterns (Observer, Strategy, Command)
        └─> Python-Specific Patterns
```

### 13.2 Package Development
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Package Structure           │
│ - setup.py, pyproject.toml  │
│ - setuptools, pip           │
│ - Versioning (semver)       │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Virtual Environments
        ├─> Dependency Management (Poetry, pipenv)
        ├─> Building Distributions (wheel, sdist)
        └─> Publishing to PyPI
```

### 13.3 C Extensions
```
┌─────────────────────────────┐
│ Interfacing with C          │
│ - ctypes                    │
│ - cffi                      │
│ - Python C API              │
└─────────────────────────────┘
        │
        ├─> Cython
        ├─> Performance with C
        └─> When to use C Extensions
```

---

## 🔗 Dependency Map Summary

### Critical Path (Must Follow Order)
```
Level 1 (Basics) 
    → Level 2 (Data Structures)
    → Level 3 (Functions)
    → Level 4 (OOP)
    → Level 5 (Modules)
    → Level 6 (Files & Exceptions)
    → Level 7 (Advanced Concepts)
    → Level 8 (Type System) [parallel with Level 9-10]
    → Level 9 (Metaclasses) [parallel with Level 10]
    → Level 10 (Concurrency) [parallel with Level 9]
    → Level 11 (Performance)
    → Level 12 (Testing)
    → Level 13 (Advanced Topics)
```

### Parallel Learning Opportunities
- Levels 8, 9, 10 can be learned in parallel after Level 7
- Level 11 can start after Level 7 (basics) but full mastery requires Level 9-10
- Level 12 should be practiced throughout the entire journey

---

## 📊 Prerequisite Matrix

| Topic | Prerequisites | Can Learn In Parallel With |
|-------|--------------|----------------------------|
| Iterators | Functions, OOP | Decorators |
| Generators | Iterators | Context Managers |
| Decorators | Functions, Closures | Generators |
| Metaclasses | OOP, Decorators | Descriptors |
| Descriptors | OOP, Properties | Metaclasses |
| Threading | Basic Python | Multiprocessing |
| Multiprocessing | Basic Python | Threading |
| Async | Generators, Coroutines | - |
| Type Hints | All basics | Any Level 7+ topic |

---

This knowledge graph should guide your learning journey, ensuring you build strong foundations before tackling advanced topics!