first working version

2025-10-22 20:14:31 +08:00
parent c9767b830b
commit 8dc869634e
118 changed files with 22518 additions and 0 deletions
--- a/learning_plans/cpp/00_CPP_MASTER_PLAN.md
+++ b/learning_plans/cpp/00_CPP_MASTER_PLAN.md
@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+# C++ Advanced Learning - Master Plan
+
+## 🎯 Goal: C++ Expert Mastery
+
+This comprehensive plan will guide you from fundamentals to expert-level C++ development, covering everything from basic syntax to modern C++23 features, systems programming, and high-performance applications.
+
+## 📊 Learning Journey Overview
+
+**Total Duration:** 14-20 months (depending on pace)
+**Target Level:** Expert C++ Developer
+**Daily Commitment:** 2-4 hours recommended
+**Prerequisites:** Basic programming knowledge helpful but not required
+
+## 🗺️ Learning Path Structure
+
+```
+Phase 1: C++ Foundations (2-3 months)
+    └─> Syntax, Data Types, Control Flow, Functions
+    
+Phase 2: Object-Oriented C++ (3-4 months)
+    └─> Classes, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Templates
+    
+Phase 3: Modern C++ (4-5 months)
+    └─> C++11/14/17/20/23, Smart Pointers, Move Semantics, Lambda
+    
+Phase 4: Advanced C++ (4-5 months)
+    └─> Memory Management, Concurrency, STL Mastery, Performance
+    
+Phase 5: Expert C++ (3-4 months)
+    └─> Design Patterns, Best Practices, Systems Programming
+    
+Phase 6: Specialization (Ongoing)
+    └─> Choose your domain (Game Dev, Systems, HPC, Embedded, etc.)
+```
+
+## 📚 Learning Modules Breakdown
+
+### Phase 1: C++ Foundations (Beginner)
+**Duration:** 2-3 months | **Difficulty:** ⭐⭐☆☆☆
+
+1. **Module 1.1: Getting Started** (1 week)
+   - Development Environment (VS Code, Visual Studio, CLion)
+   - Compiler Setup (GCC, Clang, MSVC)
+   - Build Tools (Make, CMake)
+   - First Program (Hello World)
+   - Compilation Process
+   - Debugging Basics (gdb, lldb)
+
+2. **Module 1.2: Basic Syntax & Types** (2 weeks)
+   - Variables & Constants
+   - Fundamental Data Types (int, float, double, char, bool)
+   - Type Modifiers (signed, unsigned, short, long)
+   - Operators (Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise)
+   - Type Conversion & Casting
+   - Auto Type Deduction
+   - sizeof Operator
+
+3. **Module 1.3: Control Flow** (2 weeks)
+   - if/else Statements
+   - switch Statements
+   - Ternary Operator
+   - while & do-while Loops
+   - for Loops
+   - Range-based for (C++11)
+   - break, continue, goto
+   - Nested Control Structures
+
+4. **Module 1.4: Functions** (2 weeks)
+   - Function Declaration & Definition
+   - Parameters & Arguments
+   - Return Types & Return by Value
+   - Function Overloading
+   - Default Arguments
+   - Inline Functions
+   - Recursion
+   - Function Prototypes
+
+5. **Module 1.5: Arrays & Strings** (2 weeks)
+   - C-style Arrays
+   - Multi-dimensional Arrays
+   - C-style Strings (char arrays)
+   - std::string Class
+   - String Operations
+   - String Manipulation
+   - C++17 string_view
+
+6. **Module 1.6: Pointers & References** (3 weeks)
+   - Pointer Basics
+   - Pointer Arithmetic
+   - Pointers and Arrays
+   - Pointer to Pointer
+   - void Pointers
+   - Function Pointers
+   - References vs Pointers
+   - const with Pointers/References
+   - nullptr (C++11)
+
+---
+
+### Phase 2: Object-Oriented C++ (Intermediate)
+**Duration:** 3-4 months | **Difficulty:** ⭐⭐⭐☆☆
+
+7. **Module 2.1: Classes & Objects** (3 weeks)
+   - Class Definition
+   - Access Specifiers (public, private, protected)
+   - Member Functions
+   - Constructors & Destructors
+   - this Pointer
+   - Static Members
+   - Friend Functions & Classes
+   - Nested Classes
+
+8. **Module 2.2: Advanced Constructors** (2 weeks)
+   - Default Constructor
+   - Parameterized Constructor
+   - Copy Constructor
+   - Move Constructor (C++11)
+   - Constructor Delegation (C++11)
+   - Converting Constructors
+   - explicit Keyword
+   - Initializer Lists
+
+9. **Module 2.3: Operator Overloading** (2 weeks)
+   - Overloadable Operators
+   - Member vs Non-member Overloading
+   - Arithmetic Operators
+   - Comparison Operators
+   - Stream Operators (<<, >>)
+   - Subscript Operator []
+   - Assignment Operator
+   - Increment/Decrement Operators
+
+10. **Module 2.4: Inheritance** (3 weeks)
+    - Single Inheritance
+    - Access Control in Inheritance
+    - Multiple Inheritance
+    - Virtual Inheritance
+    - Constructor/Destructor in Inheritance
+    - Protected Members
+    - Order of Construction/Destruction
+    - Inheritance Hierarchies
+
+11. **Module 2.5: Polymorphism** (3 weeks)
+    - Compile-time vs Runtime Polymorphism
+    - Virtual Functions
+    - Pure Virtual Functions
+    - Abstract Classes
+    - Virtual Destructors
+    - override & final (C++11)
+    - Virtual Function Tables (vtable)
+    - Dynamic Binding
+
+12. **Module 2.6: Templates Basics** (3 weeks)
+    - Function Templates
+    - Class Templates
+    - Template Specialization
+    - Non-type Template Parameters
+    - Default Template Arguments
+    - Template Template Parameters
+    - typename vs class
+    - Template Instantiation
+
+13. **Module 2.7: Exception Handling** (2 weeks)
+    - try-catch Blocks
+    - throw Statement
+    - Standard Exception Classes
+    - Custom Exceptions
+    - Exception Specifications (deprecated)
+    - noexcept (C++11)
+    - RAII Pattern
+    - Exception Safety Guarantees
+
+---
+
+### Phase 3: Modern C++ (Advanced)
+**Duration:** 4-5 months | **Difficulty:** ⭐⭐⭐⭐☆
+
+14. **Module 3.1: Memory Management** (3 weeks)
+    - Stack vs Heap
+    - new & delete Operators
+    - Memory Leaks
+    - new[] & delete[]
+    - Placement new
+    - Memory Alignment
+    - Custom Allocators
+    - Memory Pool Pattern
+
+15. **Module 3.2: Smart Pointers** (3 weeks)
+    - unique_ptr
+    - shared_ptr
+    - weak_ptr
+    - make_unique & make_shared
+    - Custom Deleters
+    - Circular Reference Problem
+    - Smart Pointer Casts
+    - When to Use Which
+
+16. **Module 3.3: Move Semantics** (3 weeks)
+    - lvalue vs rvalue
+    - rvalue References (&&)
+    - std::move
+    - Perfect Forwarding
+    - std::forward
+    - Move Constructor
+    - Move Assignment
+    - Return Value Optimization (RVO)
+
+17. **Module 3.4: Lambda Expressions** (2 weeks)
+    - Lambda Syntax
+    - Capture Clauses ([=], [&], [this])
+    - Generic Lambdas (C++14)
+    - Init Capture (C++14)
+    - Lambda as Function Arguments
+    - Closure Types
+    - mutable Lambdas
+    - Recursive Lambdas
+
+18. **Module 3.5: STL - Containers** (4 weeks)
+    - Sequence Containers (vector, deque, list, forward_list, array)
+    - Associative Containers (set, map, multiset, multimap)
+    - Unordered Containers (unordered_set, unordered_map)
+    - Container Adaptors (stack, queue, priority_queue)
+    - span (C++20)
+    - Container Comparison & Selection
+
+19. **Module 3.6: STL - Algorithms** (3 weeks)
+    - Non-modifying Algorithms (find, count, search)
+    - Modifying Algorithms (copy, transform, replace)
+    - Sorting Algorithms (sort, stable_sort, partial_sort)
+    - Binary Search Algorithms
+    - Heap Algorithms
+    - Min/Max Algorithms
+    - Numeric Algorithms
+    - Ranges (C++20)
+
+20. **Module 3.7: STL - Iterators** (2 weeks)
+    - Iterator Categories
+    - Input/Output Iterators
+    - Forward/Bidirectional Iterators
+    - Random Access Iterators
+    - Iterator Adaptors (reverse, insert, stream)
+    - Iterator Traits
+    - Custom Iterators
+    - std::ranges (C++20)
+
+21. **Module 3.8: Template Metaprogramming** (3 weeks)
+    - Template Specialization
+    - Variadic Templates (C++11)
+    - SFINAE
+    - Type Traits
+    - std::enable_if
+    - if constexpr (C++17)
+    - Concepts (C++20)
+    - Compile-time Computation
+
+22. **Module 3.9: C++11/14/17/20/23 Features** (4 weeks)
+    - C++11: auto, decltype, constexpr, nullptr
+    - C++14: Generic lambdas, digit separators
+    - C++17: Structured bindings, fold expressions, std::optional
+    - C++20: Concepts, ranges, coroutines, modules
+    - C++23: std::expected, deducing this, multidimensional subscript
+    - Feature Adoption & Migration
+
+---
+
+### Phase 4: Advanced C++ (Expert)
+**Duration:** 4-5 months | **Difficulty:** ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
+
+23. **Module 4.1: Concurrency** (4 weeks)
+    - std::thread
+    - Mutexes & Locks
+    - Condition Variables
+    - std::atomic
+    - Memory Ordering
+    - std::future & std::promise
+    - std::async
+    - Thread-safe Data Structures
+    - Lock-free Programming
+
+24. **Module 4.2: Advanced Templates** (3 weeks)
+    - Template Argument Deduction
+    - Template Aliases
+    - CRTP (Curiously Recurring Template Pattern)
+    - Policy-based Design
+    - Tag Dispatching
+    - Expression Templates
+    - Template Concepts (C++20)
+    - Constraints & Requires
+
+25. **Module 4.3: Performance Optimization** (4 weeks)
+    - Profiling Tools (gprof, Valgrind, perf)
+    - Cache Optimization
+    - Branch Prediction
+    - SIMD Programming
+    - Compiler Optimizations
+    - Link-time Optimization (LTO)
+    - Profile-guided Optimization (PGO)
+    - Inline Assembly
+
+26. **Module 4.4: File I/O & Streams** (2 weeks)
+    - iostream Library
+    - File Streams (ifstream, ofstream, fstream)
+    - String Streams
+    - Stream Manipulators
+    - Stream States
+    - Binary I/O
+    - Memory-mapped Files
+    - std::filesystem (C++17)
+
+27. **Module 4.5: Build Systems** (2 weeks)
+    - CMake Advanced
+    - Make & Makefiles
+    - Package Managers (Conan, vcpkg)
+    - Cross-platform Building
+    - Static vs Dynamic Libraries
+    - Precompiled Headers
+    - Unity Builds
+    - Build Optimization
+
+28. **Module 4.6: Testing & Debugging** (3 weeks)
+    - Unit Testing (Google Test, Catch2)
+    - Test-driven Development
+    - Mocking (Google Mock)
+    - Debugging Tools (gdb, lldb, Visual Studio debugger)
+    - Address Sanitizer
+    - Memory Sanitizer
+    - Thread Sanitizer
+    - Undefined Behavior Sanitizer
+
+29. **Module 4.7: Design Patterns** (4 weeks)
+    - Creational Patterns (Singleton, Factory, Builder, Prototype)
+    - Structural Patterns (Adapter, Bridge, Composite, Decorator)
+    - Behavioral Patterns (Observer, Strategy, Template Method, Visitor)
+    - Modern C++ Idioms
+    - RAII Pattern
+    - Pimpl Idiom
+    - CRTP Applications
+
+30. **Module 4.8: Const Correctness & Best Practices** (2 weeks)
+    - const Keyword Usage
+    - const Member Functions
+    - mutable Keyword
+    - constexpr Functions (C++11)
+    - consteval (C++20)
+    - constinit (C++20)
+    - Code Style Guidelines
+    - Core Guidelines
+
+---
+
+### Phase 5: Expert C++ (Master Level)
+**Duration:** 3-4 months | **Difficulty:** ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
+
+31. **Module 5.1: Advanced Memory** (3 weeks)
+    - Custom Memory Allocators
+    - Memory Pools
+    - Object Pools
+    - Small Object Allocation
+    - Garbage Collection Techniques
+    - Memory Debugging
+    - Memory Profiling
+    - Cache-friendly Data Structures
+
+32. **Module 5.2: Preprocessor & Macros** (2 weeks)
+    - Preprocessor Directives
+    - Macro Functions
+    - Conditional Compilation
+    - Include Guards vs #pragma once
+    - Variadic Macros
+    - X-Macros Pattern
+    - When to Avoid Macros
+    - Modern Alternatives
+
+33. **Module 5.3: Type System Deep Dive** (3 weeks)
+    - Type Categories
+    - Type Deduction Rules
+    - decltype & declval
+    - std::decay
+    - Reference Collapsing
+    - Universal References
+    - Type Erasure
+    - Type Punning
+
+34. **Module 5.4: Undefined Behavior** (2 weeks)
+    - Common UB Patterns
+    - Integer Overflow
+    - Out-of-bounds Access
+    - Dereferencing Invalid Pointers
+    - Data Races
+    - Use-after-free
+    - UB Sanitizers
+    - Defensive Programming
+
+35. **Module 5.5: ABI & Binary Compatibility** (2 weeks)
+    - Application Binary Interface
+    - Name Mangling
+    - extern "C"
+    - ODR (One Definition Rule)
+    - Symbol Visibility
+    - Dynamic Loading
+    - Plugin Architecture
+    - Versioning Strategies
+
+36. **Module 5.6: Embedded & Low-level** (3 weeks)
+    - Bit Manipulation
+    - Hardware Interfacing
+    - Memory-mapped I/O
+    - Volatile Keyword
+    - Inline Assembly
+    - Bare-metal Programming
+    - Real-time Constraints
+    - Embedded Best Practices
+
+---
+
+### Phase 6: Specializations (Choose Your Path)
+**Duration:** Ongoing | **Difficulty:** ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
+
+37. **Specialization A: Game Development**
+    - Game Engine Architecture
+    - Entity Component Systems
+    - Graphics Programming (OpenGL, Vulkan, DirectX)
+    - Physics Engines
+    - Audio Programming
+    - Networking for Games
+    - Game Optimization
+    - Popular Engines (Unreal, Unity C++ scripting)
+
+38. **Specialization B: Systems Programming**
+    - Operating System Concepts
+    - System Calls
+    - Process Management
+    - Inter-process Communication
+    - Memory Management
+    - File Systems
+    - Device Drivers
+    - Kernel Programming
+
+39. **Specialization C: High-Performance Computing**
+    - Parallel Algorithms
+    - CUDA Programming
+    - OpenMP
+    - MPI (Message Passing Interface)
+    - Vectorization
+    - GPU Programming
+    - Distributed Computing
+    - Performance Analysis
+
+40. **Specialization D: Financial Systems**
+    - Low-latency Trading Systems
+    - Fixed-point Arithmetic
+    - Concurrent Data Structures
+    - Lock-free Programming
+    - Cache Optimization
+    - Network Programming
+    - Real-time Requirements
+    - Market Data Processing
+
+41. **Specialization E: Embedded Systems**
+    - Microcontroller Programming
+    - RTOS (Real-Time OS)
+    - Hardware Abstraction Layers
+    - Device Drivers
+    - Protocol Implementations
+    - Power Optimization
+    - Safety-critical Systems
+    - IoT Applications
+
+42. **Specialization F: Graphics & Rendering**
+    - OpenGL/Vulkan/DirectX
+    - Shader Programming (GLSL, HLSL)
+    - Ray Tracing
+    - 3D Math
+    - Texture Mapping
+    - Scene Graphs
+    - Animation Systems
+    - GUI Frameworks (Qt, wxWidgets)
+
+---
+
+## 📈 Progress Tracking
+
+### Mastery Levels
+- **Level 0:** Unfamiliar - Never encountered
+- **Level 1:** Aware - Basic understanding, need heavy documentation
+- **Level 2:** Competent - Can use with documentation
+- **Level 3:** Proficient - Use confidently without documentation
+- **Level 4:** Expert - Can teach, optimize, solve complex problems
+
+### Weekly Goals
+- Complete 1-2 modules per month
+- Code daily (1-2 hours minimum)
+- Build 1 small project per week
+- Read C++ source code (STL, Boost)
+- Contribute to open source monthly
+
+### Monthly Assessments
+- Take comprehensive exam covering month's topics
+- Build one medium project
+- Code review own and others' code
+- Write blog post or documentation
+
+---
+
+## 🎓 Learning Resources
+
+### Books (Essential Reading)
+1. **"C++ Primer"** by Stanley Lippman - Comprehensive introduction
+2. **"Effective C++"** by Scott Meyers - Best practices (series of 3 books)
+3. **"The C++ Programming Language"** by Bjarne Stroustrup - By creator
+4. **"C++ Concurrency in Action"** by Anthony Williams - Threading
+5. **"Modern C++ Design"** by Andrei Alexandrescu - Advanced templates
+6. **"Exceptional C++"** by Herb Sutter - Problem solving
+7. **"C++17 STL Cookbook"** by Jacek Galowicz - Modern STL
+
+### Online Resources
+- cppreference.com - Best C++ reference
+- isocpp.org - ISO C++ website
+- CppCon talks (YouTube)
+- Meeting C++ conference videos
+- Compiler Explorer (godbolt.org)
+- Quick Bench (quick-bench.com)
+
+### Practice Platforms
+- LeetCode - Algorithms
+- HackerRank - C++ challenges
+- Codewars - C++ kata
+- Project Euler - Mathematical problems
+- Exercism - Mentored practice
+
+---
+
+## 🏆 Milestones & Achievements
+
+### Milestone 1: C++ Basics Complete (Month 2-3)
+- ✅ Understand syntax, pointers, references
+- ✅ Write basic programs with functions
+- ✅ Manage memory manually
+- ✅ Use arrays and strings
+- 🎯 **Project:** CLI utility (file processor, calculator)
+
+### Milestone 2: OOP Mastery (Month 5-7)
+- ✅ Master classes, inheritance, polymorphism
+- ✅ Use templates effectively
+- ✅ Handle exceptions properly
+- ✅ Overload operators
+- 🎯 **Project:** Container class library
+
+### Milestone 3: Modern C++ (Month 9-12)
+- ✅ Use smart pointers exclusively
+- ✅ Apply move semantics
+- ✅ Master STL containers/algorithms
+- ✅ Write template metaprograms
+- 🎯 **Project:** Custom data structure library
+
+### Milestone 4: Advanced C++ (Month 13-17)
+- ✅ Write thread-safe concurrent code
+- ✅ Optimize performance
+- ✅ Master build systems
+- ✅ Write comprehensive tests
+- 🎯 **Project:** Multi-threaded application
+
+### Milestone 5: Expert Level (Month 18-20)
+- ✅ Understand C++ internals
+- ✅ Write production-quality code
+- ✅ Master chosen specialization
+- ✅ Contribute to major projects
+- 🎯 **Project:** Complete application in specialization
+
+---
+
+## 📝 Assessment Strategy
+
+### Weekly Quizzes
+- 10-15 questions on week's topics
+- Mix of theory and code analysis
+- "I don't know" option for honesty
+
+### Monthly Comprehensive Exams
+- 30-50 questions
+- Code writing exercises
+- Debugging challenges
+- Performance analysis
+
+### Project Assessments
+- Code quality review
+- Memory leak detection
+- Performance profiling
+- Best practices adherence
+
+### Continuous
+- Track study time
+- Monitor quiz/exam scores
+- Identify weak areas
+- Adjust pace as needed
+
+---
+
+## 🚀 Getting Started
+
+### Week 1 Action Plan
+1. Install compiler (GCC/Clang/MSVC)
+2. Set up IDE (VS Code/Visual Studio/CLion)
+3. Write and compile first program
+4. Learn basic debugging
+5. Take first quiz on basics
+
+### Daily Study Routine
+- **Morning (30 min):** Read theory/documentation
+- **Afternoon (90 min):** Hands-on coding practice
+- **Evening (30 min):** Review, quiz, or project work
+
+### Weekend Activities
+- Build projects
+- Read C++ source code (STL, Boost)
+- Watch CppCon talks
+- Contribute to open source
+
+---
+
+## 💡 Learning Tips
+
+1. **Master Pointers Early:** They're fundamental to C++
+2. **Use Compiler Warnings:** Enable -Wall -Wextra
+3. **Read STL Source:** Best way to learn advanced techniques
+4. **Profile, Don't Guess:** Use profiling tools
+5. **Understand Memory:** Crucial for C++ mastery
+6. **Modern > Legacy:** Focus on C++11 and later
+7. **Practice Daily:** Consistency is key
+8. **Join Community:** r/cpp, C++ Slack, Discord
+
+---
+
+## 🔗 Next Steps
+
+1. Review detailed modules in `01_KNOWLEDGE_GRAPH.md`
+2. Assess your level in `02_INITIAL_ASSESSMENT.md`
+3. Follow weekly schedule in `03_WEEKLY_SCHEDULE.md` (coming soon)
+4. Track progress in `04_PROGRESS_TRACKER.md` (coming soon)
+5. Start with Module 1.1
+
+---
+
+**Remember:** C++ is complex and powerful. Take your time to deeply understand each concept. The learning curve is steep, but the rewards are immense! 💪🚀
+